The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation is the nodal agency responsible for policy planning, funding and coordination of programs for safe drinking water and sanitation in rural areas of the country.  It is responsible for the monitoring and implementation of Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin (SBM-G) and the National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP).[1]  The Department was an independent ministry from 2011 to 2019.  In 2019, it was integrated within the newly constituted Ministry of Jal Shakti.

Overview of finances

In the Union Budget 2019-20, the Department has been allocated Rs 20,016 crore.  This is an increase of Rs 23 crore (0.1%) over the revised estimates of 2018-19.

Figure 1: Expenditure over the years (Rs crore)

Note: Values for 2018-19 are revised estimates and 2019-20 are budget estimates.

Sources: Union Budgets 2010-11 to 2019-20; PRS.

Over the past ten years, the allocation to the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation has seen an annual average increase of 6.6%.  The department saw the highest increase of 49% in 2016-17, over the previous year.  This year the estimated expenditure has seen a marginal decrease of 0.1%, over the revised expenditure estimates of 2018-19.  These trends are illustrated in Figure 1.

Expenditure by the Department is primarily towards the two major schemes, the National Rural Drinking Water Program (NRDWP), and the Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin (SBM-G).  Table 1 provides the trends in budgetary allocation towards these schemes in the last three years.

SBM-G has seen a 31% decrease in its allocation in 2019-20, over the revised estimates of 2018-19.  On the other hand, NRDWP has seen an increase of nearly 82% in its allocation in 2019-20, over the revised estimates of 2017-18.

Table 1: Budgetary allocation to the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation ( Rs crore)

Major head	Actual 17-18	Revised 18-19	Budgeted 19-20	% change (2019-20 BE/ 2018-19 RE)
SBM-G	16,888	14,478	9,994	-31.0%
NRDWP	7,038	5,500	10,001	81.8%
Secretariat	13	15	22	45.1%
Total	23,939	19,993	20,016	0.1%

Note: RE is Revised Estimates, BE is Budget Estimates.

Sources: Demands for Grants 2019-20, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation; PRS.

In the last 10 years, the Department’s expenditure has witnessed a gradual shift towards higher allocation to rural sanitation, as proportion of total expenditure of the Department.  The expenditure on rural sanitation as a proportion of the total expenditure of the department increased from 13% in 2009-10 to 72% in 2018-19.  The expenditure on drinking water as a proportion of the total expenditure of the department decreased from 87% in 2009-10 to 28% in 2018-19. 

Figure 2: Budget allocation over the years (Rs crore)

Note: Values for 2017-18 are revised estimates and 2018-19 are budget estimates.

Sources: Union Budgets 2009-10 to 2018-19; PRS.

However, for 2019-20, the expenditure on both drinking water and rural sanitation is estimated be nearly equal (approximately Rs 10,000 crore or 50% of the total expenditure of the department).  This implies a realigned focus towards the drinking water component in allocation (allocation for NRDWP has increased by nearly 82% in the budget estimates for 2019-20).

Figure 3 shows the actual expenditure as a % of the budgeted expenditure for the department for the last 10 years.  Between 2009-15, the utilisation of expenditure was lower than the budgeted expenditure. Since then, the Department has been spending more than the allocated amount.  The actual expenditure in 2015-16 was 177% of the budgeted expenditure.  However, as per the revised estimates of 2018-19, the expenditure was 11% less than the budgeted estimate for the year.

Figure 3: Actual expenditure over budgeted expenditure for the department

Note: The expenditure figure for 2018-19 is the revised estimate.

Sources: Union Budgets 2009-10 to 2018-19; PRS.

Key issues and analysis

In this section, we discuss the major issues regarding the implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin and the National Rural Drinking Water Programme.

Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin

The rural sanitation programme in India was introduced in the year 1954 as a part of the first five-year plan of the government of India.  The 1981 Census revealed rural sanitation coverage was only 1%.[2]

In 1999, the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) was launched to increase awareness and generate demand for sanitary facilities in the country.  In 2012, Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan was launched as a successor to the TSC to accelerate the sanitation coverage in rural areas.[3]

The Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) was restructured into Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) in September 2014.[4]  The Mission was officially launched on October 2, 2014 with an aim to achieve universal sanitation coverage, improve cleanliness and eliminate open defecation in the country by October 2, 2019.[5]   

In 2019-20, the Mission has been allocated Rs 9,994 crore, which is a decrease of 31% from the revised estimate of 2018-19.  The allocation for rural sanitation schemes increased from Rs 1,280 crore in 2009-10 to Rs 16,888 crore in 2017-18.  Since then, the allocation towards the Mission has seen a decrease (Rs 14,478 crore in 2018-19 and Rs 9,994 crore in 2019-20).  Figure 4 illustrates the expenditure on rural sanitation scheme for the last 10 years, and the expenditure as a proportion of the total allocation to the Department.

Figure 4: Expenditure on rural sanitation scheme (Rs crore)

Note: Values for 2018-19 and 2019-20 are revised estimates and budget estimates respectively.

Sources: Union Budgets 2009-10 to 2019-20; PRS.

Expenditure on rural sanitation has increased at an annual growth rate of 20.3% over the last 10 years.  The increase has been most significant from 2015-16 onwards, after the launch of SBM-G.  

The rural and urban component of the scheme together got the tenth highest allocation (Rs 12,644 crore) among all the centrally sponsored schemes in Union Budget 2019-20.  However, while the allocation to the rural component witnessed a decline of 31%, the urban component saw an increase of 6% in the budget estimates for 2019-20, as compared to the revised estimates of 2018-19.    

The required central fund as estimated in SBM-G for the five year period from 2014-15 to 2018-19 is Rs 1,00,447 crore.[6]  Of this, so far Rs 61,388 (61%) has been allocated for the scheme.  This implies that 39% of the funds are still left to be released.

Utilisation of expenditure:  Table 2 shows the trends in budget allocation and actual expenditure on rural sanitation over the past 10 years.  Note that in the past few years, actual expenditure on SBM-G has overshot the budget estimates a few times.  In 2016-17, it was 116% and in 2017-18, it was 121%.  However, in 2018-19, the revised expenditure was 94% of the budgeted expenditure.

Table 2: Budgeted versus actual expenditure on rural sanitation (Rs crore)

Year	Budgeted	Actuals	% of Budgeted
2009-10	1,080	1,200	111%
2010-11	1,580	1,580	100%
2011-12	1,650	1,500	91%
2012-13	3,500	2,474	71%
2013-14	3,834	2,244	59%
2014-15	4,260	2,841	67%
2015-16	3,625	6,703	185%
2016-17	9,000	10,484	116%
2017-18	13,948	16,888	121%
2018-19	15,343	14,478	94%

Note: The ‘utilised’ figure for 2018-19 is the revised estimate.

Sources: Union Budgets 2009-10 to 2018-19; PRS.

Construction of Individual Household Latrines (IHHLs):  The cost for constructing a household toilet was increased from Rs 10,000 to Rs 12,000 in September 2014 when the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan was restructured into SBM-G.[7]  This cost for constructing toilets is shared between the centre and the state in the ratio of 60:40.  As of June 2019, a total of 9.69 crore toilets have been constructed.

Table 3 shows the construction of household toilets since the inception of the scheme.  Although the number of toilets constructed each year has increased, a year-on-year growth rate indicates that the pace of construction of toilets has come down. 

Table 3: Toilets constructed since 2014-15

Year	Toilets Constructed in the year	Total toilets constructed	Yearly % change
2014-15	48,93,946	48,93,946	-
2015-16	1,25,51,903	1,74,45,849	156%
2016-17	2,18,01,807	3,92,47,656	74%
2017-18	2,97,95,687	6,90,43,343	37%
2018-19	2,78,99,480	9,60,42,823	-6%

Sources: Management Information System Reports of SBM; PRS.

As per the Department, 38.7% of the rural households had access to toilets in October 2014, which has increased to 99.4% in June 2019.[8]  Nearly all states have achieved 100% coverage for construction of toilets.  The only states without full coverage are Goa (76.2% coverage), Odisha (88.1% coverage) and Telangana (98.6% coverage). 

State-wise coverage of household toilets is provided in Table 6 in the Annexure.  Figure 5 illustrates the total coverage of household toilets since the inception of the SBM programme. 

Figure 5:  Percentage of households with toilets (2014-2019)

Sources: Management Information System Reports of SBM; PRS.

Open Defecation Free (ODF) villages:  Under SBM-G, a village is declared as ODF when: (i) there are no visible faeces in the village, and (ii) every household as well as public/community institution uses safe technology options for faecal disposal.[9] 

After a village declares itself as ODF, states are required to verify the ODF status of such a village.  Since sanitation is a state subject, the department has set some broad guidelines for ODF verification.  This includes indicators that are in accordance with the ODF verification definition, such as access to a toilet facility and its usage, and safe disposal of faecal matter through septic tanks

Note that as per the National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16), only 37% of households in rural areas were using improved sanitation facility.[10]  Such a facility implies that toilets have a faecal disposal system that could include flush to piped sewer system, or flush to septic tank, or flush to pit latrine, and is not shared with any other household.

As per the Management Information System of SBM-G, a total of 5,68,700 villages across 622 districts in 30 states and union territories have been declared as ODF as of June 2019.  Of these, 5,11,052 villages (89.9%) have been verified as ODF.  Figure 6 illustrates the number of villages declared as ODF, number of villages verified as ODF and the proportion of villages verified as ODF since the inception of the scheme in 2014. 

The proportion of villages which have been verified as ODF has increased from 37.9% in 2015-16 to 89.9% in June 2019.  Note that the proportion of ODF verified villages has only increased by 1% in the last year.

Figure 6: ODF villages in the country (2015-19)

Sources: Management Information System Reports of SBM; PRS.  The total number of villages is taken from Census 2011.

State-wise details on the number of villages declared and verified ODF is presented in Table 7 in annexure.

The National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey (NARSS) 2018-19, conducted by an independent verification agency under the World Bank support project to SBM-G confirmed 90.7% of the surveyed villages to be ODF.[11]  The NARSS was conducted between November 2018 and February 2019 and covered 92,040 households in 6,136 villages across the country.  It also found that 96.5% of the households in rural India who have access to a toilet use it.[12]

Budget Announcement:  The Union Budget 2019-20 announced that Swachh Bharat Mission will be expanded to undertake sustainable solid waste management in every village of the country.[13]

National Rural Drinking Water Programme

The National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) aims at assisting states in providing adequate and safe drinking water to the rural population in the country. [14]  Rural drinking water programs have existed in various forms since 1972-73, starting with the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme, followed by a Technology Mission in 1986.[15]  Subsequently, the Sector Reform Project was initiated in 1999-2000, with an aim to involve the rural community in planning, implementation and management of drinking water schemes.  From 2009, it has been renamed as the National Rural Drinking Water Programme.

Fund sharing pattern:  Rural water supply is a state subject.  The centre-state fund sharing pattern within the scheme for the components of coverage of habitations, quality of water and operation and maintenance of projects is: (i) 50:50 for all states, and (ii) 90:10 for north-east and Himalayan states.[16] 

The Programme also has provision for SCs and STs (22% and 10% of the funds are earmarked for use in SC and ST dominated areas respectively) and north-eastern states (10% of the funds are earmarked for the north-eastern states).  Further, 2% of allocation of funds is earmarked for 60 high priority Japanese Encephalitis (JE) / Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) affected district identified by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.[17]

For the components of monitoring and surveillance of water quality, sustainability of water sources, and support activities like awareness generation, the centre-state fund sharing pattern within the scheme is: (i) 60:40 for all states, and (ii) 90:10 for north-east and Himalayan states.  The centre funds the scheme entirely for union territories.[18]

NRDWP accounts for 50% of the department’s finances this year.  In 2019-20 it has been allocated Rs 10,001 crore, which is an increase of 81.8% from the revised estimates of 2018-19.  In 2018-19, the scheme was allocated Rs 7,000 crore.  However, the expenditure on the scheme for 2018-19 was only Rs 5,500 crore (1,500 crore less than the budget estimate).  Figure 7 shows the expenditure on NRDWP over the years.

Figure 7: Expenditure on NRDWP (Rs crore)

Values for 2017-18 and 2018-19 are revised estimates and budget estimates respectively.

Sources: Union Budgets 2009-10 to 2018-19; PRS.

As can be noted from the figure above, from 2009-10 to 2013-14, the expenditure on NRDWP accounted for about 80%-90% of the department’s budget.  From 2013-14 onwards, the allocation to the scheme has been reducing. 

The Standing Committee (2016-17) examining the scheme had observed that reduction in budget for NRDWP will affect the coverage and tackling of water quality problems in rural areas.[19]^,[20]  In 2019-20, however, the expenditure on NRDWP has seen an 81.8% increase. 

Budgeted versus actual expenditure:  Table 4 shows the trends in allocation and actual expenditure on NRDWP over the past ten years.  The actual expenditure saw a decline in 2014-15, which could be a reason for the reduction of funds at the budget estimates stage in 2015-16.  However, the actual expenditure in 2015-16 was 167% more than the budget estimates.  Note that during 2015-18, the actual expenditure on NRDWP has overshot the budget estimates significantly.

Table 4: Budgeted versus actual expenditure on NRDWP (Rs crore)

Year	Budgeted	Actuals	% of Budgeted
2009-10	8,120	7,996	98%
2010-11	9,000	8,985	100%
2011-12	9,350	8,493	91%
2012-13	10,500	10,489	100%
2013-14	11,426	9,691	85%
2014-15	11,000	9,243	84%
2015-16	2,611	4,369	167%
2016-17	5,000	5,980	120%
2017-18	6,050	7,038	116%
2018-19	7,000	5,500	79%

Note: The ‘utilised’ figure for 2018-19 is the revised estimate.

Sources: Union Budgets 2009-10 to 2018-19; PRS.

CAG report on ‘Performance Audit of National Rural Drinking Water Programme’ (2018) noted that of the Rs 89,956 crore of available funds (central funds + state funds) under the programme for the years 2012-17, nearly 10% (Rs 8,788 crore) remained untilised.[21]  Further, Rs 359 crore of scheme funds was diverted for ineligible purposes.  The report also pointed out that poor programme management resulted in work remaining incomplete, abandoned or non-operational.   

Target versus achievements:  In 2011, the Ministry came out with a strategic plan for the period from 2011-22.[22]  It set out a goal that by 2022, every person in rural areas in the country will have access to 70 Litres Per Capita Per Day (LPCD) of water within their household premises or at a distance of not more than 50 metres.  It identified three standards of service:

1. Piped water supply with all metered, household connections (designed for 70 LPCD);
2. Basic piped water supply with a mix of household connections, public taps and handpumps (designed for 55 LPCD); and
3. Handpumps, protected open wells, protected ponds, etc. (designed for 40 LPCD).

The revised guidelines of the NRDWP in 2015 raised the drinking water supply norms from 40 LPCD to 55 LPCD.[23]

As of July 2019, a total of 13,87,480 habitations (81%) were fully covered under the programme, and a total of 2,69,465 habitations (15.6%) were partially covered under the programme.[24]  Hence, 96.6% of the rural households have access to safe drinking water under the programme.  State-wise details on habitations covered under NRDWP are listed in Table 8 in annexure.

Figure 8: Total coverage under NRDWP (in %)

Source: Starred Question No. 199, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Lok Sabha; PRS.

Note that while the coverage under NRDWP has improved, the coverage of piped-water-supply (PWS) remains low.  As of July 2019, only 18.33% of rural households have PWS connections.[25]  The proportion of households with PWS connections for different states is listed in Table 9 in annexure.

Figure 9:  Households with PWS connection (%)

Sources: Integrated Management Information System Reports 2014-15 to 2018-19, National Rural Drinking Water Programme; PRS.

Budget Announcement:  The Union Budget 2019-20 has announced that the government will ensure ‘Har Ghar Jal’, or piped-water-supply (PWS) to all rural households by 2024, under the Jal Jeevan Mission.[26]  This implies that the remaining 81.7% of the households will have to be covered under the PWS in the next five years.

Contamination of drinking water:  The Estimates Committee in its report on ‘Evaluation of Rural Drinking Water Programmes’ (2015) noted that NRDWP is over-dependant on ground water.[27] The Committee also noted that ground water is affected by arsenic and other contaminants in several districts of the country.  Table 5 shows the number of habitations affected due to the presence of Flouride, Arsenic, Iron, Nitrate and other contaminants.  As of January 1, 2019, 3.6% of the total habitations were affected by contamination of ground water.[28]

Table 5: Habitations affected by contamination of groundwater (as of January 1, 2019)

Contaminants	Number of affected habitations	% of affected habitations
Arsenic	15,795	0.9%
Fluoride	9,655	0.6%
Heavy Metal	2,106	0.1%
Iron	18,939	1.1%
Nitrate	1,562	0.1%
Salinity	13,494	0.8%
Total	61,551	3.6%

Sources: Unstarred Question No. 2738, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Rajya Sabha,  PRS.

The National Water Quality Sub-Mission was launched in March, 2017 to provide safe drinking water to arsenic and fluoride affected habitations over a span of 4 years.[29]

Chemical contamination of ground water has also been reported due to deeper drilling for drinking water sources.  It has been recommended that out of the total funds for NRDWP, allocation for water quality monitoring and surveillance should not be less than 5%.[30]  Presently, it is 3% of the total funds.  It has also been suggested that water quality laboratories for water testing should be set up throughout the country.

 

Annexure

Table 6: State-wise coverage under IHHL (June 2019)

Sr. No.	State	% households under IHHL
1	A & N ISLANDS	100
2	ANDHRA PRADESH	100
3	ARUNACHAL PRADESH	100
4	ASSAM	100
5	BIHAR	100
6	CHANDIGARH	100
7	CHHATTISGARH	100
8	D & N HAVELI	100
9	DAMAN & DIU	100
10	GOA	76.22
11	GUJARAT	100
12	HARYANA	100
13	HIMACHAL PRADESH	100
14	JAMMU & KASHMIR	100
15	JHARKHAND	100
16	KARNATAKA	100
17	KERALA	100
18	LAKSHADWEEP	100
19	MADHYA PRADESH	100
20	MAHARASHTRA	100
21	MANIPUR	100
22	MEGHALAYA	100
23	MIZORAM	100
24	NAGALAND	100
25	ODISHA	88.14
26	PUDUCHERRY	100
27	PUNJAB	100
28	RAJASTHAN	100
29	SIKKIM	100
30	TAMIL NADU	100
31	TELANGANA	98.59
32	TRIPURA	100
33	UTTAR PRADESH	100
34	UTTARAKHAND	100
35	WEST BENGAL	100

Sources:  Sources: Management Information System Reports of SBM; PRS.

Table 7: State-wise ODF declared and verified villages (June 2019)

State	Total Villages	Total declared	Total Verified	% Verified
A & N Islands	192	192	192	100.0%
Andhra Pradesh	18,841	18,841	18,841	100.0%
Arunachal Pradesh	5,389	5,389	5,389	100.0%
Assam	25,503	25,503	17,939	70.3%
Bihar	38,759	33,345	11,532	34.6%
Chandigarh	13	13	13	100.0%
Chhattisgarh*	18,769	18,769	18,769	100.0%
D & N Haveli	69	69	69	100.0%
Daman & Diu	26	26	26	100.0%
Goa	378	22	-	0.0%
Gujarat	18,261	18,261	18,261	100.0%
Haryana	6,908	6,908	6,908	100.0%
Himachal Pradesh	15,921	15,921	15,921	100.0%
Jammu & Kashmir	7,565	7,565	7,493	99.0%
Jharkhand	29,564	29,564	25,091	84.9%
Karnataka	27,044	27,044	26,890	99.4%
Kerala	2,027	2,027	2,027	100.0%
Lakshadweep	9	9	-	0.0%
Madhya Pradesh	50,228	50,228	49,504	98.6%
Maharashtra	40,503	40,501	40,501	100.0%
Manipur	2,556	2,556	2,556	100.0%
Meghalaya	6,028	6,028	6,028	100.0%
Mizoram	697	697	697	100.0%
Nagaland	1,451	1,451	1,142	78.7%
Odisha	47,227	23,863	16,605	69.6%
Puducherry	265	265	265	100.0%
Punjab	13,726	13,726	13,700	99.8%
Rajasthan	42,869	42,869	42,869	100.0%
Sikkim	442	442	442	100.0%
Tamil Nadu	12,524	12,524	12,524	100.0%
Telangana	10,993	8,331	5,957	71.5%
Tripura	1,178	1,178	554	47.0%
Uttar Pradesh	97,641	97,641	85,501	87.6%
Uttarakhand	15,473	15,473	15,473	100.0%
West Bengal	41,461	41,459	41,373	99.8%
Total	6,00,500	5,68,700	5,11,052	89.9%

Sources:  Management Information System Reports of SBM; PRS. 

Note:  The total number of villages is taken from Census 2011.

Table 8:  State-wise details on number of habitations covered under National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) – as on July 4, 2019

State	Total no of habitations	No of fully coverered habitations	No of partially covered habitations
ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR	400	324	76
ANDHRA PRADESH	48,895	34,673	13,749
ARUNACHAL PRADESH	7,525	3,303	4,195
ASSAM	88,076	55,171	23,137
BIHAR	1,10,218	70,982	35,427
CHATTISGARH	74,753	72,775	1,466
GOA	347	345	2
GUJARAT	35,996	35,996	0
HARYANA	7,655	7,305	263
HIMACHAL PRADESH	54,469	42,583	11,886
JAMMU AND KASHMIR	15,778	9,481	6,286
JHARKHAND	1,20,591	1,19,724	334
KARNATAKA	59,774	34,342	24,980
KERALA	21,520	6,144	15,049
MADHYA PRADESH	1,28,231	1,28,076	2
MAHARASHTRA	99,641	84,709	14,742
MANIPUR	2,976	2,050	926
MEGHALAYA	10,470	4,124	6,339
MIZORAM	720	490	230
NAGALAND	1,450	742	708
ODISHA	1,57,013	1,54,461	131
PUDUCHERRY	266	153	113
PUNJAB	15,190	10,406	1,516
RAJASTHAN	1,21,526	61,641	42,539
SIKKIM	2,337	861	1,476
TAMIL NADU	1,00,014	96,796	3,218
TELANGANA	24,597	15,405	8,848
TRIPURA	8,723	4,992	1,332
UTTAR PRADESH	2,60,018	2,56,865	1,950
UTTARAKHAND	39,311	23,156	16,146
WEST BENGAL	1,07,328	59,405	32,399
Total	17,25,808	13,97,480	2,69,465

Sources:  Starred Question No. 199, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Lok Sabha; PRS.

Table 9:  State-wise % households with PWS connections (as on July 7, 2019)

State	Total Rural households	Household PWS Connections (as on 07/07/2019)	% of total household connections with PWS
ANDAMAN & NICOBAR	65,096	6,604	10.2%
ANDHRA PRADESH	91,29,939	30,60,696	33.5%
ARUNACHAL PRADESH	2,20,826	19,998	9.1%
ASSAM	57,92,987	1,27,962	2.2%
BIHAR	1,78,46,077	3,36,178	1.9%
CHHATTISGARH	43,17,108	3,85,296	8.9%
GOA	1,61,459	0	0.0%
GUJARAT	64,77,917	50,82,540	78.5%
HARYANA	32,88,145	17,58,292	53.5%
HIMACHAL PRADESH	13,48,841	7,59,047	56.3%
JAMMU & KASHMIR	16,36,151	4,91,152	30.0%
JHARKHAND	50,28,402	2,88,692	5.7%
KARNATAKA	80,72,422	35,36,334	43.8%
KERALA	91,75,250	15,36,707	16.8%
MADHYA PRADESH	1,08,90,226	13,26,738	12.2%
MAHARASHTRA	1,32,03,245	50,74,816	38.4%
MANIPUR	4,38,943	24,512	5.6%
MEGHALAYA	4,60,527	4,359	1.0%
MIZORAM	1,03,949	16,359	15.7%
NAGALAND	3,17,975	15,559	4.9%
ODISHA	81,25,852	3,19,955	3.9%
PUDUCHERRY	82,258	41,418	50.4%
PUNJAB	33,01,599	17,57,459	53.2%
RAJASTHAN	92,84,150	11,49,036	12.4%
SIKKIM	88,013	87,431	99.3%
TAMIL NADU	98,62,767	29,33,243	29.7%
TELANGANA	54,09,686	18,13,791	33.5%
TRIPURA	8,59,052	27,358	3.2%
UTTAR PRADESH	2,58,81,064	3,45,452	1.3%
UTTARAKHAND	15,09,758	2,16,182	14.3%
WEST BENGAL	1,63,35,210	2,14,683	1.3%
TOTAL	17,87,14,894	3,27,57,849	18.3%

Sources:  Integrated Management Information System Reports 2019-20, National Rural Drinking Water Programme; PRS.

 

[1] Annual Report 2017-18, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/sites/default/files/Annual_Report_2017-18_English.pdf.

[2] Background of Sanitation in India, Guidelines for Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin, http://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/Guidelines/Complete-set-guidelines.pdf.

[3] Background of Sanitation in India, Guidelines for Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin, http://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/Guidelines/Complete-set-guidelines.pdf.

[4] Review of Sanitation Programme in Rural Areas, 8^th Report, Committee on Estimates 2014-15, Lok Sabha, http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Estimates/16_Estimates_8.pdf.

[5] About SBM, Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin, http://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/SBMCMS/about-us.htm.

[6] Review of Sanitation Programme in Rural Areas, Committee on Estimates 2014-15, Lok Sabha, http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Estimates/16_Estimates_8.pdf.

[7] Review of Sanitation Programme in Rural Areas, Committee on Estimates 2014-15, Lok Sabha, http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Estimates/16_Estimates_8.pdf.

[8] Swachh Bharat Mission- Gramin, http://sbm.gov.in/sbmdashboard/IHHL.aspx.

[9] Open Defecation Free (ODF) Sustainability Guidelines, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, http://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/guidelines/Guidelines-ODF-sustainability.pdf.

[10] India Fact Sheet, National Family Health Survey – 4, 2015-16, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf.

[11] ‘Independent Verification of Swachh Bharat Grameen confirms over 96% usage of toilets’, Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Rural Development, March 5, 2019.

[12] ‘Independent Verification of Swachh Bharat Grameen confirms over 96% usage of toilets’, Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Rural Development, March 5, 2019.

[13] ‘Key Highlight of Union Budget 2019-20’, Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Finance, July 5, 2019.

[14] About NRDWP, National Rural Drinking Water Programme, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, https://nrdwp.gov.in/about-nrdwp.

[15] Evaluation Study on Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, November 2010, http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/peoreport/peoevalu/peo_rgndwm.pdf.

[16] About NRDWP, National Rural Drinking Water Programme, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, https://nrdwp.gov.in/about-nrdwp.

[17] Annual Report 2017-18, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/sites/default/files/Annual_Report_2017-18_English.pdf.

[18] About NRDWP, National Rural Drinking Water Programme, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, https://nrdwp.gov.in/about-nrdwp.

[19] Demand for Grants 2016-17, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Standing Committee on Rural Development 2015-16, http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Rural%20Development/16_Rural_Development_23.pdf.

[20] Demand for Grants 2017-18, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Standing Committee on Rural Development 2016-17, http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Rural%20Development/16_Rural_Development_35.pdf.

[21] Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Performance Audit of National Rural Drinking Water Programme, Report No. 15 of 2018, https://cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Report_No_15_of_2018_-_Performance_Audit_on_National_Rural_Drinking_Water_Programme_in_Ministry_of_Drinking_Water_and_Sanitation.pdf.

[22]  “Ensuring Drinking Water Security in Rural India”, Strategic Plan 2011-12, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Rural Development, http://mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/StrategicPlan_2011_22_Water.pdf.

[23] National Rural Drinking Water Programme Guidelines 2013, http://www.mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/NRDWP_Guidelines_2013_0.pdf.

[24] ‘Drinking Water Coverage’, Starred Question No. 199, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Lok Sabha, answered on July 4, 2019.

[25] ‘Piped Water Supply’, Unstarred Question No. 2055, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Lok Sabha, answered on July 4, 2019.

[26] ‘Providing access to safe and adequate drinking water to all Indians is a priority of the Government’, Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Finance, July 5, 2019.

[27] Evaluation of Rural Drinking Water Programmes, Committee on Estimates 2014-15, Lok Sabha, http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Estimates/16_Estimates_2.pdf.

[28] ‘Contamination of ground water’, Unstarred Question No. 2738, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Rajya Sabha, answered on January 7, 2019.

[29] About NRDWP, National Rural Drinking Water Programme, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, https://nrdwp.gov.in/about-nrdwp.

[30] Evaluation of Rural Drinking Water Programmes, Committee on Estimates 2014-15, Lok Sabha, http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Estimates/16_Estimates_2.pdf.

 

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